GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

What is?

Frequently, expression of trans-genes becomes suppressed in transgenic Plants after they have been grown for one or more generations, this is called gene silencing. this is often accompanied by DNA methylation of trans-genes, usually methylation of C occurs in the symmetrical CG and CNG (N= any one of the four DNA bases) sequences, but some times asymmetrical sequences are also methylated. In general, higher the number of copies of a trans-gene, more frequent is their hyper-methylation and trans-gene inactivation.

Types

Transcriptional silencing-

Post transcriptional silencing-

Transcriptional silencing is generally due to promoter methylation, other side post- transcriptional silencing can involve methylation of the coding sequence. the latter does not just affect transcription.gene silencing occurs most likely due to RNA transcript degradation.

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

Problems due to gene silencing

Transgenic silencing result in variable and, usually, unacceptable levels of trans-gene expression. this necessitates an extensive and often prolonged evaluation of transgenic lines. it may often become necessary to order suitable transgenic lines in hybridization and selection programmes in order to develop transgenic lines with stable and the desired level of trans-gene expression.

Both these steps require additional resources and, above all, time and delay the releases of transgenic lines as varieties. Finally in stability would causes problems in the registration of the varieties as they are required to be distinct, uniform and stable.

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PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

What is?

Plant transformation vectors are they special vectors witch used in transformation to plants or production of transgenic plants known as plant transformation vectors. they vectors are binary vectors, plasmids, etc. witch obtain from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. that bacteria causing tumors in plants and a super vector to production to transgenic plants. commonly the genes to be transferred are cloned between the left and right T-DNA border of so called binary T-DNA vectors. that can be replicate in both E.coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Plasmids- All plasmids are a DNA molecule, can replicated independently in host cell. That occur in circular, double stranded, form. They have sixe from 1 kbp to 1000 kbp. They plasmids used i genetic engineering called plasmids vectors. They used as expression of desire gene in host cells and make transformation successful.

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

Binary vectors- it is composed of the border of T-DNA, cloning sites, replication function for bacteria likeAgrobacterium tumefaciens, and E.coli, markers genes, reporter genes, and other witch improved this efficiency. useful vectors are widely circulated. vectors with compatible selectable markers and convenient cloning sites are top criteria when inserting gene of approx 15 kbp in this.

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORS

Advantages – They molecule involves in process no recombination take place process. binary vectors are high efficient for integration and expression. e.g. pCIT series, pGPTV (glucuronidase plant transformation vector) series, pCG series vectors etc.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANCE PLANTS

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE PLANTS

Introduction

Production of  transgenic plants resistance to certain biodegradable herbicides was the first biggest achievement from genetic engineering in plants. this way created the basic tool and technique for plant transformation, and several genes that confer herbicide resistance serve as useful selectable markers. some transgenic plants resistant to different herbicides, e.g., glyphosate, glufosinate ( bialaphos or phosphinothricin), sulfonylureas, etc., have been successfully produced and are in commercial cultivation in U.S.A. and other countries. the development of transgenic plants resistant to glyphosate is describe here.

Fore more click on  http://www.whatisthebiotechnology.com/blog/herbicide-resistance-plants/

 

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

GENETIC ENGINEERING

What is the genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering or gene modification is the process or method of manually adding new genome to an organism. The aim is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. as of transgenic organisms presently on the market include plants with resistance to some insects or pathogenes, plants that can tolerate pestisides, or herbicides, and crops with modified oil content.

 

for more click on http://www.whatisthebiotechnology.com/pages/genetic_enginerring.html

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GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

What is?

Frequently, expression of trans-genes becomes suppressed in transgenic Plants after they have been grown for one or more generations, this is called gene silencing. this is often accompanied by DNA methylation of trans-genes, usually methylation of C occurs in the symmetrical CG and CNG (N= any one of the four DNA bases) sequences, but some times asymmetrical sequences are also methylated. In general, higher the number of copies of a trans-gene, more frequent is their hyper-methylation and trans-gene inactivation.

Types

Transcriptional silencing-

Post transcriptional silencing-

Transcriptional silencing is generally due to promoter methylation, other side post- transcriptional silencing can involve methylation of the coding sequence. the latter does not just affect transcription.gene silencing occurs most likely due to RNA transcript degradation.

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

GENE SILENCING IN PLANTS

Problems due to gene silencing

Transgenic silencing result in variable and, usually, unacceptable levels of trans-gene expression. this necessitates an extensive and often prolonged evaluation of transgenic lines. it may often become necessary to order suitable transgenic lines in hybridization and selection programmes in order to develop transgenic lines with stable and the desired level of trans-gene expression.

Both these steps require additional resources and, above all, time and delay the releases of transgenic lines as varieties. Finally in stability would causes problems in the registration of the varieties as they are required to be distinct, uniform and stable.

 

For more click on http://www.whatisthebiotechnology.com/blog/

Gene Silencing In Plants, Gene Silencing In Crop Plants, Gene Silencing In Transgenic Plants, Gene Silencing, Gene Silencing Definition, Gene Silencing Notes